![]() | Protein-Energy Requirements of Developing Countries: Evaluation of New Data (UNU, 1981, 268 p.) |
![]() | ![]() | Protein requirements-children |
![]() | ![]() | Protein absorption of pre-school children with intestinal helminth parasites |
![]() |
|
1. Body Weight
Most children gained weight at a rate
three times greater than the Korean standard for the corresponding age during
the experimental period (an average gain of 0.99 kg in 11 weeks). This suggests
that energy intakes were above requirements. There were no differences in weight
gains before and after treatment.
2. Height
Most children gained 1.8 to 2.2 cm in ten
weeks, which is more than the Korean standard of 1.2 cm for the corresponding
age group. There were no differences before and after treatment.
3. Parasitological Observations
Table 5 gives the ova
counts on each of the three days before and after treatment and the number of
helminths identified in faeces during the three days after treatment.
TABLE 4. Estimation of Faecal Obligatory Nitrogen Losses
No. of subjects |
Levels of nitrogen intake |
Faecal nitrogen output (mg/kg/day) | |
Range |
Mean | ||
Before vermicide | |||
8 |
228 - 269 |
250.0 ± 4.53* |
79.46 ± 5.21 |
9 |
270 - 300 |
286.8 ± 3.47 |
84.86 ± 7.03 |
10 |
308- 340 |
322.1 ± 3.54 |
94.03± 5.77 |
10 |
344 - 371 |
353.5 ± 2.61 |
98.53 + 6.13 |
Y = 31.64 + 0.19x (for X = 0, Y = 32) | |||
After vermicide | |||
9 |
262 - 276 |
269.8 ± 1.70 |
83.90 ± 4.23 |
8 |
282 - 311 |
299.3 ± 3.44 |
92.66 ± 4.16 |
9 |
315 - 362 |
346.9 ± 4.70 |
96.61 ± 5.65 |
9 |
356 - 397 |
381.1 ± 3.32 |
111.90 ± 6.17 |
Y=21.69+0.23x (for X=0, Y=22) |
* Mean ± S.E.
4. Nitrogen Digestibility and Balance
Table 6 gives the
"true" nitrogen digestibility and "true" nitrogen balance
data, as well as the biological values and NPU. There were no differences before
and after treatment. There was a poor correlation between nitrogen balance and
nitrogen intake.
5. Urinary Urea and Creatinine Excretions
Table 7 gives
the results obtained.
6. Absorption of Nutrients
Table 8 gives the apparent
absorption of carbohydrates and fat, the "true" absorption of protein,
and the estimated absorption of total dietary energy.
TABLE 5. Parasitological Findings in Stools
Subject |
EPG* before vermicide |
Worms excreted in 3 days after vermicide |
EPG after vermicide | |||||||
Day 3 |
Day 2 |
Day 1 |
Day 1 |
Day 2 |
Day 3 | |||||
1 | Al ** |
8,100 |
11,900 |
15,300 |
Al |
8 |
Al |
Neg.*** |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Tt ** |
100 |
100 |
Tt |
2 |
Tt |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. | ||
2 | Al |
28,700 |
11,600 |
18,000 |
Al |
8 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Tt |
1,400 |
400 |
1,200 |
Tt |
1 |
Tt |
100 |
Neg. |
Neg. | |
3 | Al |
22,600 |
32,000 |
35,100 |
Al |
14 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Tt |
500 |
500 |
300 |
Tt |
2 |
Tt |
100 |
Neg. |
Neg. | |
Subjects 4 and 5 dropped | ||||||||||
6 | Al |
28,300 |
44,900 |
4,300 |
AL |
8 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Tt |
400 |
Tt |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. | |||||
7 | Al |
6,500 |
10,200 |
19,200 |
Al |
14 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Tt |
3 |
Tt |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. | |||||
8 | AL |
6,100 |
9,800 |
2,700 |
Al |
2 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
9 | Al |
4,200 |
13,700 |
18,100 |
Al |
6 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
10 | Al |
11,000 |
10,900 |
5,000 |
Al |
2 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Tt |
200 |
400 |
Tt |
2 |
Tt |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. | ||
11 | Al |
300 |
600 |
4,300 |
Al |
10 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
12 | Al |
200 |
400 |
200 |
Al |
1 |
Al |
Neg. |
Neg. |
Neg. |
* EPG = number of eggs per gram of stool.
** Al = Ascaris lumbricoides; T
= Trichuris trichiura.
*** Neg. = negative.
TABLE 6. Nitrogen Balance, BV, and NPU before and after Vermicidal Treatment
Diet | No of subjects | Nitrogen intake | Faecal nitrogen (mg/kg/day) | Urinary nitrogen | Balance | True digestibility (%) | BV | NPU (kcal/kg/ day) | Energy intake |
Before vermicide | |||||||||
A | 9 | 259.94 * | 92.80 | 10.8.37 | 53.79 | 76.49 | 69.68 | 53.24 | 103.50 |
±8.21 | ±6.70 | ±6.48 | ±9.44 | ±2.67 | ±3.05 | ±2.91 | ±2.74 | ||
C | 10 | 276.36 | 92.48 | 130.67 | 48.26 | 78.17 | 61.50 | 48.05 | 98.0 |
±9.12 | ±6.39 | ±4.85 | ±7.95 | ±2.15 | ±1.99 | ±1.89 | ±3.13 | ||
B | 10 | 323.60 | 89.44 | 161.98 | 67.18 | 82.49 | 56.97 | 47.04 | 97.56 |
±7.72 | ±6.97 | ±3.84 | ±7.05 | ±1.91 | ±1.73 | ±1.98 | ±2.36 | ||
D | 11 | 340.53 | 91.95 | 191.09 | 52.49 | 82.43 | 49.05 | 40.55 | 92.15 |
±7.14 | ±5.78 | ±6.30 | ±6.30 | ±1.60 | ±1.82 | ±1.89 | ±1.86 | ||
Average | 302.12 | 91.65 | 150.10 | 55.39 | 79.90 | 59.30 | 47.22 | 98 | |
±3.11 | ±3.68 | ±3.84 | ±2.08 | ±2.15 | ±2.19 | ± 1.4 | |||
After vermicide | |||||||||
A | 10 | 270.88 | 8522 | 117.28 | 63.38 | 80.36 | 68.17 | 54.76 | 102.49 |
±1.94 | ±4.01 | ±5.11 | ±5.80 | ±1.50 | ±2.28 | ±1.99 | ±0.91 | ||
C | 8 | 303.30 | 97.20 | 140.20 | 60.90 | 78.54 | 61.08 | 48.11 | 101.60 |
±2.94 | ±6.60 | ±4.15 | ±7.15 | ±2.09 | ±1.96 | ±2.37 | ±0.89 | ||
B | 9 | 353.49 | 92.93 | 178.79 | 76.77 | 82.77 | 55.28 | 45.73 | 101.98 |
±3.52 | ±3.41 | ±4.68 | ±5.33 | ±0.97 | ±1.53 | ±1.37 | ±1.06 | ||
D | 8 | 383.13 | 113.35 | 210.58 | 52.97 | 78.75 | 46.06 | 36.19 | 102.39 |
±4.00 | ±6.97 | ±6.98 | ±2.99 | ±1.69 | ±1.36 | ±0.91 | ±0.90 | ||
Average | 324.90 | 96.37 | 159.66 | 63.85 | 80.11 | 57.65 | 46.20 | 102 | |
±3.03 | ±6.65 | ±3.03 | ±1.56 | ±1.78 | ±1.67 | ± 0.5 |
* Mean ± S.E.
TABLE 7. Daily Urinary Excretion of Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine (mg/kg/day)
Item |
Diets | |||
A |
C |
B |
D | |
Before vermicide | ||||
Ures N (UuN) |
77.97 + 5.50 * |
91.15 ± 4.05 |
112.38 ± 2.96 |
139.57 ± 5.37 |
Creatinine (UCr) |
15.65 ± 0.57 |
15.15 ± 0.57 |
16.12 ± 0.54 |
15.20 ± 0.48 |
UtN **/nitrogen intake |
9.42 |
0.47 |
0.50 |
0.56 |
UuN/UCr |
4.98 |
6.00 |
6.98 |
9.18 |
UuN/nitrogen intake |
0.39 |
0.33 |
0 35 |
0.41 |
UuN/UtN |
0.72 |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.73 |
After vermicide | ||||
Urea N (UuN) |
89.55 ± 3.91 |
109.93 ± 3.69 |
152.50±5.05 |
169.48±6.82 |
Creatinine (UCr) |
15.13 ± 0.43 |
15.71 ± 0.46 |
15.90 ± 0.56 |
16.72 ± 0.69 |
UtN/nitrogen intake |
0.43 |
0.46 |
0.51 |
0.55 |
Uun/UCr |
5.93 |
7.00 |
9.59 |
10.15 |
UuN/nitrogen intake |
0.33 |
0.36 |
0.43 |
0.44 |
UuN/UtN |
0.76 |
0.78 |
0.85 |
0.80 |
* Mean ± S.E,
** UtN = total urinary nitrogen.
There were no differences at the various levels of protein intake or as a result of vermicidal treatment.
7. Analyses of Blood and Serum Samples
There were no
significant changes during the study and all results were within normal
ranges.