Protein-Energy Requirements of Developing Countries: Evaluation of New Data (UNU, 1981, 268 p.): Protein-energy requirements-adults: Recommended dietary amounts of energy for pregnancy and lactation in the United Kingdom: Experimental details

Protein-Energy Requirements of Developing Countries: Evaluation of New Data (UNU, 1981, 268 p.)

Acknowledgements

Foreword

Introduction

Statistical considerations in the estimation of protein requirements

A summary analysis of the nitrogen-balance data

Discussions and recommendations of the task forces

Protein requirements for adults

Energy requirements for adults and energy-protein relationships

Protein requirements for children

Energy requirements for children and energy-protein relationships

A note on energy utilization and its efficiency

(introduction...)

References

Research papers: Protein requirements-adults, standard protocols

Capacity of the Chilean mixed diet to meet the protein and energy requirements of young adult males

(introduction...)

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Protein requirements for young Colombian adults consuming local diets containing primarily animal or vegetable protein

(introduction...)

Objectives

Summary of the main results

Conclusions

Protein requirements of young Chinese male adults for ordinary Chinese

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Protein requirements of young male adults with a rural Mexican diet

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of the main results

Conclusions

The evaluation of soy protein isolate alone and in combination with fish in adult Japanese men

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions

Protein requirements of adult Thai males

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Acknowledgements

Evaluation of the nutritive value of a rice-and-bean-based diet for agricultural migrant workers in Brazil

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Protein requirements-adults, other protocols

Protein quality of rice-and-bean diets with or without protein and energy supplements to estimate protein requirements in young adult humans

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Conclusions and comments

Protein needs of young adult men fed common beans (phaseolus vulgaris) in combination with starch, plantain, maize, or rice

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Obligatory nitrogen losses-adults

Obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses in young Chilean men fed two levels of dietary energy intake

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Obligatory nitrogen losses of adult Thai males

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main result

Conclusions and comments

Nitrogen absorption-adults

Protein absorption of adult men with intestinal helminthic parasites

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of the main results

Conclusions and comments

Absorptive capacity of adult Guatemalan rural males living under different conditions of sanitation

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions

Studies of energy intakes, expenditures, and requirements in China

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Obligatory and integumental nitrogen losses - children

Obligatory nitrogen losses and factorial calculations of protein requirements of pre-school children

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of the main results

Conclusions

Integumental nitrogen losses of pre-school children with different levels and sources of dietary protein intake

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions

The protein requirements of normal infants at the age of about one year: maintenance nitrogen requirements and obligatory nitrogen losses

Protein requirements-children

Protein requirements of Filipino children 20 to 29 months old consuming local diets

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Protein requirements of pre-school children: milk and soybean protein isolate

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions

Protein absorption of pre-school children with intestinal helminth parasites

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Use of corn-bean mixtures to satisfy protein and energy requirements of preschool children

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of the main results

Protein-energy requirements-children

Capacity of habitual Guatemalan diets to satisfy protein requirements of pre-school children with adequate dietary energy intakes

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Comments

Conclusions

Energy requirements of pre-school children and effects of varying energy intakes on protein metabolism

(introduction...)

Objectives

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Recommended dietary energy intakes for the first six months of life

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

Protein-energy requirements-adults

Interrelationships between effects of protein and energy intakes on nitrogen utilization in adult men

(introduction...)

Effect of nitrogen intake on nitrogen utilization (1, 2)

Concluding comment

References

Recommended dietary amounts of energy for pregnancy and lactation in the United Kingdom

(introduction...)

Objective

Experimental details

Summary of main results

Conclusions and comments

List of participants

Experimental details

1. Subjects
Twenty-five women were recruited near the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy through the antenatal clinic of the Cambridge Maternity Hospital. They were 21 to 35 years old (mean 29) and belonged to social grades I, II, and III. Twelve were primiparous and worked during most of their pregnancy, mainly in a clerical capacity. None of the multiparous mothers had outside jobs. Their mean height was 161.7 cm (147.5 to 172.5), and the stated pre-pregnant weight was 56.2 (43.5 to 71.7). The validity of the latter measurement was verified by comparison with the initial weight found on recruitment.

2. Dietary Intake
Energy and nutrient intakes were measured over four consecutive days each month throughout pregnancy and lactation by the mother herself, after instruction, weighing the food and drink she consumed. The food intake measurements were interpreted using food composition tables.

3. Weight Changes and Stored Energy
A number of anthropometric measurements were made, including weight, at monthly intervals throughout pregnancy, at two weeks after delivery, and then once again at monthly intervals. Energy stored as fat during pregnancy was estimated from the difference in body weight between two weeks postpartum and the pre-pregnant weight, making the assumption that adipose tissue provides, during lactation, 6.5 kcal/g body-weight change (Thomson et al., Brit,J. Nutr., 24: 565 [1970] ).

4. Duration of Pregnancy and Birth Weights
Birth weights, which were all over 2.6 kg, were obtained by the maternity hospital staff. Mean gestational age was 39 completed weeks, range 36 to 43 weeks.

5. Breast-milk Production
Breast-milk intake was also measured by the mother on four consecutive days each month by test weighing, using Salter Baby weigher Model 40 Scales. The test weighing measurements in a number of subjects were checked by the recently developed deuterium oxide method (Coward et al., Lancet, ii: 13 [1979], the milk intakes showing good agreement between the two procedures.