close this section of the libraryftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca (167)
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268 ROBUST CLASSIFICATION WITH CONTEXT-SENSITIVE FEATURES Peter D. Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 turney@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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268 ROBUST CLASSIFICATION WITH CONTEXT-SENSITIVE FEATURES Peter D. Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 turney@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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Contextual Normalization Submitted to Applied Intelligence October 14, 1992 45 Table 7. The score of CNMLR with less severe faults eliminated. Actual Class of Observation class 1 class 2 class 3 class 4 class 5 class 6 class 7 class 8 total P2% Predicted Class of Observation class 1 43 1 3 1 48 89.6
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Error and Voting Submitted to the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence May 13, 1993 1 Theoretical Analyses of Cross-Validation Error and Voting in Instance-Based Learning Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council
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Exploiting Context When Learning to Classify Peter D. Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 turney@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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Contextual Normalization Submitted to Applied Intelligence October 14, 1992 45 Table 7. The score of CNMLR with less severe faults eliminated. Actual Class of Observation class 1 class 2 class 3 class 4 class 5 class 6 class 7 class 8 total P2% Predicted Class of Observation class 1 43 1 3 1 48 89.6
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A Theory of Cross-Validation Error Submitted to the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence June 17, 1993 1 A Theory of Cross-Validation Error Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Error and Voting Submitted to the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence May 13, 1993 1 Theoretical Analyses of Cross-Validation Error and Voting in Instance-Based Learning Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council
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3. DeCoste, D. `Dynamic across{time measurement interpretation'. In Proceedings AAAI{90, pp. 373{379. MIT Press, 1990. 4. Gallanti, M., Gilardoni, L., Guida, G., and Stefanini, A. `Exploiting physical and design knowledge in the diagnosis of complex industrial systems'. In eds. Du Boulay, B., Hogg, D.,
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3. DeCoste, D. `Dynamic across{time measurement interpretation'. In Proceedings AAAI{90, pp. 373{379. MIT Press, 1990. 4. Gallanti, M., Gilardoni, L., Guida, G., and Stefanini, A. `Exploiting physical and design knowledge in the diagnosis of complex industrial systems'. In eds. Du Boulay, B., Hogg, D.,
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Bias and the Quantification of Stability Submitted to Machine Learning August 9, 1994 1 Technical Note: Bias and the Quantification of Stability Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 613-993-8564
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Bias and the Quantification of Stability Submitted to Machine Learning August 9, 1994 1 Technical Note: Bias and the Quantification of Stability Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 613-993-8564
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In: Proc. 10th International Machine Learning Conference (ML93), pp49-56, (1993) Ed: Paul Utgoff, CA:Kaufmann. Using Qualitative Models to Guide Inductive Learning Peter Clark Stan Matwin Knowledge Systems Laboratory Ottawa Machine Learning Group National Research Council Computer Science M-50 Montreal
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In: Proc. 10th International Machine Learning Conference (ML93), pp49-56, (1993) Ed: Paul Utgoff, CA:Kaufmann. Using Qualitative Models to Guide Inductive Learning Peter Clark Stan Matwin Knowledge Systems Laboratory Ottawa Machine Learning Group National Research Council Computer Science M-50 Montreal
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1 Appears in Model or behaviours which way forward for robotics. AISB Workshop Series, Leeds, UK, April, 1994 Models and Behaviours: a Way Forward for Robotics* Innes A. Ferguson Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Ottawa ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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5 Innes A. Ferguson. TouringMachines: Autonomous Agents with Attitudes. IEEE Computer, 25(5), 51 55, 1992. Innes A. Ferguson. Toward an Architecture for Adaptive, Rational, Mobile Agents. In E. Werner and Y. Demazeau (eds.) Decentralized AI 3, Elsevier Science (North Holland): Amsterdam, 1992.
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1 Appears in Proc. AAAI Workshop on Representing and Reasoning with Device Function, Seattle, WA, July, 1994 On the Role of Device Modelling for Autonomous Agent Control* Innes A. Ferguson Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Ottawa ON, Canada K1A
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1 Appears in Proc. AAAI Fall Symposium on Control of the Physical World by Intelligent Agents, New Orleans LA, Nov., 1994 Autonomous Agent Control: a Case for Integrating Models and Behaviors* Innes A. Ferguson Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council
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User Manual for wxCLIPS 1.30 Julian Smart Decision Support Group Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute 80 South Bridge University of Edinburgh EH1 1HN August 1994 Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute University of Edinburgh 80 South Bridge EH1 1HN Tel. 031-650-2746 Contents 1
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Architecture Manual Page 45 The first entry is the initial-fact deftemplate. The next 2 are for the speed_error and speed_change deftemplates (both fuzzy). The last field of each of these is of interest for fuzzy extensions since it is a pointer to a list of pointers to fuzzyLv structures. The E_1_1
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6(1):41 60, 1990. 5. Innes A. Ferguson. TouringMachines: Autonomous Agents with Attitudes. IEEE Computer, 25(5), 51 55, 1992. 6. Innes A. Ferguson. Toward an Architecture for Adaptive, Rational, Mobile Agents. In E. Werner and Y. Demazeau (eds.) Decentralized AI 3, Elsevier Science (North Holland):
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6(1):41 60, 1990. 5. Innes A. Ferguson. TouringMachines: Autonomous Agents with Attitudes. IEEE Computer, 25(5), 51 55, 1992. 6. Innes A. Ferguson. Toward an Architecture for Adaptive, Rational, Mobile Agents. In E. Werner and Y. Demazeau (eds.) Decentralized AI 3, Elsevier Science (North Holland):
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Machine Learning, 16, 1{37 (1994) c 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Acquiring and Combining Overlapping Concepts JOEL D. MARTIN martin@cs.pitt.edu Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 DORRIT O. BILLMAN
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Machine Learning, 16, 1{37 (1994) c 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Acquiring and Combining Overlapping Concepts JOEL D. MARTIN martin@cs.pitt.edu Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 DORRIT O. BILLMAN
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TENNIS: Computer Network Ease of Service Evaluation System 7.1 Introduction 32 FIGURE 7-4: Overall System Structure PNV XVT JK Thesis OtherT ext PNV Text Datab. User Interface Interface (UII) TEN NIS Database Interface (DBI) C-StubCLIPS Agents Phase 2 C-StubCLIPS AgentsPhase 3 C-StubCLIPS AgentsPhase 1
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TENNIS: Computer Network Ease of Service Evaluation System 12.1 Results 85 FIGURE 12-1:PNV Submap Window and Client After Evaluation
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A Constraint-Based Approach to Diagnosing Configuration Problems Daniel Sabin Mihaiela C. Sabin Robert D. Russell Eugene C. Freuder Department of Computer Science University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 USA Email: ds1, mcs, rdr, ecf@cs.unh.edu Phone: (603) 862-1867 Fax: (603) 862-3493
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TENNIS Brown, Wills, Dunskus & Kemble February 17, 1995 2:13 pm 8 of 8 Acknowledgment: We would like to acknowledge the grant from Multi-Vendor Customer Services, Digital Equipment Corporation, that made this work possible. We are very grateful for the assistance of Rose Chabot, Craig Barlow, Gary
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Conceptual Modeling using Knowledge Representation 1 Conceptual Modeling using Knowledge Representation: Configurator Applications Jon R. Wright AT&T Bell Laboratories Room 3D-454 600 Mountain Ave. Murray Hill, NJ 07974 (908)582-7020 (908) 582-7988 (Fax) jon@mozart.stc.att.com Deborah L. McGuinness
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1 An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Network Fault Management Denise W. G rer, Irfan Khan, Richard Ogier SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA phone: (415)859-5911 fax: (415)859-4812 email: {gurer, khan, ogier}@erg.sri.com Renee Keffer Sprint , 9300 Metcalf, Overland Park,
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Facilitators: A Networked Computing Infrastructure for Distributed Software Interoperation Taha Khedro1 and Michael R. Genesereth2 Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305
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Scenario Generation for Telecommunication Network Supervision Serge Bibas, Philippe Dague, Fran cois L evy Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris Nord Universit e Paris Nord 93430 Villetaneuse, FRANCE Tel: (+33) 1 49 40 39 23 Fax: (+33) 1 48 26 07 12 E-mail: bibas@lipn.univ-paris13.fr Marie-Odile Cordier,
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Knowledge & Location Isabel Novoay & Mark Wilbyz yBritish Telecom Research Laboratories Martlesham Heath, Ipswitch IP5 7RE, United Kingdom zDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom Introduction The management of
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Telecommunication Service Provisioning and AI Colin Tattersall, Sandra Oudshoff, Jacob Groote1 PTT Research, P.O. BOX 15000, 9700 CD Groningen, The Netherlands. Paul O'Brien, Robert Davison BT Labs, Martlesham Heath, Suffolk, UK. Mark Tierney Broadcom Eireann Research Ltd., Kestrel House, Clanwilliam
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Extended Abstract for the IJCAI-95 Workshop: AI in Distributed Information Networks Contents-Based Information Gathering in the WWW by Integration of Textual and Cooperative Tools Christian Martel, Serge Stinckwich Laboratoire de G enie Informatique de Savoie Universit e de Savoie - Campus Scientifique
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Telepresence - Current and Future Technologies for Collaboration Copyright 1995 Gerald M. Karam Page 1 Telepresence --- Current and Future Technologies for Collaboration (Did the Interstate System kill Route 66 ) Gerald M. Karam Dept. of Systems and Computer Eng. Carleton University 1125 Colonel By
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A Network Services Interface for Telepresence Applications Gerald M. Karam, Bruce McLeod, Gerald Boersma Dept. of Systems and Computer Eng., Carleton University
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Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 2 (1995) 369-409 Submitted 10/94; published 3/95 1995 National Research Council Canada. All rights reserved. Published by permission. Cost-Sensitive Classification: Empirical Evaluation of a Hybrid Genetic Decision Tree Induction Algorithm Peter D. Turney
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Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 2 (1995) 369-409 Submitted 10/94; published 3/95 1995 National Research Council Canada. All rights reserved. Published by permission. Cost-Sensitive Classification: Empirical Evaluation of a Hybrid Genetic Decision Tree Induction Algorithm Peter D. Turney
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Scenario Generation for Telecommunication Network Supervision S. Bibas and P. Dague and F. L evy LIPN Universit e Paris Nord 93430 Villetaneuse, FRANCE Email: bibas@lipn.univ-paris13.fr M.O. Cordier and L. Roze IRISA Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes C edex, FRANCE Email: cordier@irisa.fr
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A Bayesian approach to cognitive assessment Joel Martin Kurt VanLehn Learning Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara St. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA (412) 624-0843 martin@cs.pitt.edu, vanlehn@cs.pitt.edu To appear as a chapter in S. Chipman & P. Nichols (Eds.), Cognitive
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/joel/Papers/AIED93.ps, 19950425
Olae: Progress toward a multi-activity, Bayesian student modeler Joel Martin Kurt VanLehn Learning Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara St. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA (412) 624-0843 martin@cs.pitt.edu, vanlehn@cs.pitt.edu Topic: Assessment/Student Modeling Subtopic:
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Student assessment using Bayesian nets Joel Martin Kurt VanLehn Learning Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara St. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA (412) 624-0843 martin@cs.pitt.edu, vanlehn@cs.pitt.edu Key Words: Bayesian Nets, Assessment, Student Modeling, Cognitive Diagnosis
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A Bayesian approach to cognitive assessment Joel Martin Kurt VanLehn Learning Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara St. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA (412) 624-0843 martin@cs.pitt.edu, vanlehn@cs.pitt.edu To appear as a chapter in S. Chipman & P. Nichols (Eds.), Cognitive
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/joel/HCS95.ps, 19950425
Student assessment using Bayesian nets Joel Martin Kurt VanLehn Learning Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara St. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA (412) 624-0843 martin@cs.pitt.edu, vanlehn@cs.pitt.edu Key Words: Bayesian Nets, Assessment, Student Modeling, Cognitive Diagnosis
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/joel/AIED93.ps, 19950425
Olae: Progress toward a multi-activity, Bayesian student modeler Joel Martin Kurt VanLehn Learning Research and Development Center 3939 O'Hara St. University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA (412) 624-0843 martin@cs.pitt.edu, vanlehn@cs.pitt.edu Topic: Assessment/Student Modeling Subtopic:
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/ksl-papers/NRC-38376.ps.Z, 19950427
Detecting and Diagnosing Navigational Mistakes* Elizabeth R. Stuck Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 liz@ai.iit.nrc.ca In Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, August
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-1- In Proceedings of the Third International Conference of AI Applications on Wall Street, June 1995. Cost-Effective Classification for Credit Decision Making Grigoris J. Karakoulas Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario,
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-9- strategy that is realized through the QLC algorithm. The latter is a single incremental learning algorithm which is based on a stochastic optimization framework. QLC scales up Q-learning for dealing with the intrinsic issues of imperfect state information and of generalization over continuous spaces
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Technical Report, OTP-93-08, Ontario Telepresence Project, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, August, 1993. Want, R.; Hopper, A.; Falcao, V.; and Gibbons, J. The Active Badge Location System, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 10(1):91 102, 1992. Weiser, M. Some Computer Science
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computer interaction; in particular, the keyboard, mouse, and speech for input, and audio and screenbased feedback for output. ffl Multimedia presentation. The system makes use of a number of different media for humancomputer interaction; in particular text, graphics, animation, and prerecorded video
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/ksl-papers/NRC-38325.ps.Z, 19950605
BDI Modelling for Coordinated Behavior 47 Figure 5. Altering the value of an agent s ConflictResolutionDepth parameter can affect the timeliness and effectiveness of any predictions it might make. BDI Modelling for Coordinated Behavior 46 Figure 4. Varying the value of an agent s ModelSpeedBounds
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of different behaviors and functionalities which have proven themselves to be highly useful for surviving (and thriving) in dynamic, uncertain, and hostile environments. In so far as such behaviors and capabilities can help to increase the various degrees of autonomy, effectiveness, robustness, and
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/iit-papers/NRC-38380.ps.Z, 19950605
tion regarding their activities and whereabouts may be accessed through the PeopleFinder; and formalizing the various rules used by the PeopleFinder to combine multiple media with multiple modalities for both human-computer interaction and user-user communication (much along the lines of the work of
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of different behaviors and functionalities which have proven themselves to be highly useful for surviving (and thriving) in dynamic, uncertain, and hostile environments. In so far as such behaviors and capabilities can help to increase the various degrees of autonomy, effectiveness, robustness, and
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/iit-papers/NRC-38325.ps.Z, 19950605
BDI Modelling for Coordinated Behavior 47 Figure 5. Altering the value of an agent s ConflictResolutionDepth parameter can affect the timeliness and effectiveness of any predictions it might make. BDI Modelling for Coordinated Behavior 46 Figure 4. Varying the value of an agent s ModelSpeedBounds
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/ksl-papers/NRC-38382.ps.Z, 19950605
computer interaction; in particular, the keyboard, mouse, and speech for input, and audio and screenbased feedback for output. ffl Multimedia presentation. The system makes use of a number of different media for humancomputer interaction; in particular text, graphics, animation, and prerecorded video
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/iit-papers/NRC-38386.ps.Z, 19950619
Gratch, J., Chien, S. & DeJong, G. (1994). Improving learning performance through rational resource allocation. In Proceedings of AAAI94, pp.576-581. Greiner, R. & Jurisica, I. (1992). A statistical approach to solving the EBL utility problem. In Proceedings of AAAI92, pp.241-248. Jerrum, M. & Sinclair,
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4 Discussion This paper presents a concept formation system, Dp1 that can perform both supervised and unsupervised learning. It introduces a simple notation to describe the expected distribution of prediction tests. One vector of probabilities, called the availability probabilities, describes for each
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4 Discussion This paper presents a concept formation system, Dp1 that can perform both supervised and unsupervised learning. It introduces a simple notation to describe the expected distribution of prediction tests. One vector of probabilities, called the availability probabilities, describes for each
open this document and view contentsftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/ksl-papers/NRC-39163.ps.Z, 19950704
Semiconductor Manufacturing Data April 3, 1995 IJCAI-95 Workshop on Data Engineering for Inductive Learning 1 Data Engineering for the Analysis of Semiconductor Manufacturing Data Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa,
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Semiconductor Manufacturing Data April 3, 1995 IJCAI-95 Workshop on Data Engineering for Inductive Learning 1 Data Engineering for the Analysis of Semiconductor Manufacturing Data Peter Turney Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa,
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Low Size-Complexity Inductive Logic Programming: The East-West Challenge Considered as a Problem in Cost-Sensitive Classification Peter Turney Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 peter@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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Mitchell, T.; Caruana, R.; Freitag, D.; McDermott, J.; and Zabowski, D. 1994. Experience with a personal learning assistant. Communications of the ACM, 37(2):80-91. Sheth, B; and Maes, P. 1993. Evolving agents for personalized information filtering. In Proceedings Ninth Conference on Artificial
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in fact, is the existence of a tension between the stability that an agent s plans must have in order to provide a focus for the agent s deliberative reasoning processes, and the revocability that the same plans must also exhibit, given that they will only ever have been conceived with partial
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in fact, is the existence of a tension between the stability that an agent s plans must have in order to provide a focus for the agent s deliberative reasoning processes, and the revocability that the same plans must also exhibit, given that they will only ever have been conceived with partial
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JSC-25012 CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual
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JSC-25013 CLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's GuideCLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's GuideCLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's GuideCLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's GuideCLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's Guide CLIPS User's GuideCLIPS User's
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JSC-25012 CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual
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JSC-25012 CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference Manual CLIPS Reference ManualCLIPS Reference Manual
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24 0885-9000/95/$4.00 1995 IEEE IEEE EXPER T Using a Blackboard to Integrate Multiple Activities and Achieve Strategic Reasoning for Mobile-Robot Navigation Ramiro Liscano, Allan Manz, and Elizabeth R. Stuck, National Research Council Reda E. Fayek, University of Waterloo Jean-Yves Tigli, Universit de
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24 0885-9000/95/$4.00 1995 IEEE IEEE EXPERT Using a Blackboard to Integrate Multiple Activities and Achieve Strategic Reasoning for Mobile-Robot Navigation Ramiro Liscano, Allan Manz, and Elizabeth R. Stuck, National Research Council Reda E. Fayek, University of Waterloo Jean-Yves Tigli, Universit de
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Intelligent Multi-Media Multi-Modal Systems, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 82 86. Ferguson, I.A. TouringMachines: An Architecture for Dynamic, Rational, Mobile Agents. Ph.D. diss., Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK. Ferguson, I.A. Integrating Models and Behaviors in
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STEAM AND CONDENSATE DIAGNOSTIC EXPERT SYSTEM* R. Amyot,1 J. Gowing,2 R. Wylie,1 R. Henzell,3 J. Futcher,4 J. Reinsborough,5 A. Coderre,6 P. Henzell,3 O. Vadas7 1 National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6 2 EDS of Canada Ltd. 1615 Dundas Street East Whitby, Ontario L1N 7S6 3 KanEng
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Clustering Full Text Documents IJCAI-95 Workshop on Data Engineering for Inductive Learning 1 Clustering Full Text Documents Joel D. Martin Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 joel@ai.iit.nrc.ca 613-990-0113
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Clustering Full Text Documents IJCAI-95 Workshop on Data Engineering for Inductive Learning 1 Clustering Full Text Documents Joel D. Martin Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 joel@ai.iit.nrc.ca 613-990-0113
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A study into Entropy-based Thresholding for Image Edge Detection Ramiro Liscano Autonomous Systems Laboratory National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0R6 e-mail: liscano@iit.nrc.ca Andrew K. C. Wong Department of Systems Design University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ont. N2K 3G1 e-mail:
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A study into Entropy-based Thresholding for Image Edge Detection Ramiro Liscano Autonomous Systems Laboratory National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0R6 e-mail: liscano@iit.nrc.ca Andrew K. C. Wong Department of Systems Design University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ont. N2K 3G1 e-mail:
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Configurability in a Diagnostic Expert System for Paper Machine Dryer Sections J.R. Amyot,1 J.D. Gowing,2 R.H. Wylie,1 R. Henzell3 1 National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 2 EDS of Canada Ltd. 1615 Dundas Street East Whitby, Ontario, Canada L1N 7S6 3 KanEng Industries, Inc.
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STEAM AND CONDENSATE ADVISOR* R. Amyot,1 O. Vadas,2 R. Jayatilaka,3 J. Reinsborough,4 D. Cook,5 R. Henzell,6 R. Wylie,1 J. Gowing,5 P. Henzell,6 L. Nenonen,1 J. Futcher,7 M. Brooks,1 C. Mills4 1 National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario KIA OR6 2 Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada 570
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1 The Role of Data Pre-processing in Intelligent Data Analysis A. Famili Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 famili@ai.iit.nrc.ca Key Words: Data Analysis, Data Pre-processing, Induction, Machine Learning
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Use of Decision-Tree Induction ... 1 Paper submitted to AIEDAM Use of Decision-Tree Induction for Process Optimization and Knowledge Refinement of an Industrial Process A. Famili Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Model Based Knowledge Organization: Behaviour Preserving Model Transformations by Rob Wylie A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Systems Design Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1995 Rob Wylie 1995 ii I
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33 Elisha Sacks. Qualitative analysis of continuous dynamic systems by intelligent numeric experimentation. In Patric Hayes, editor, Third Qualitative Physics Workshop, Stanford, Palo Alto, Ca., 1989. Reid Simmons. Commonsense" arithmetic reasoning. In AAAI6, pages 118124, Philadelphia,
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Model Transformations in Simulation and Planning Rob Wylie Knowledge Systems Lab, Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada, K1A-0R6 Mohamed Kamel Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Systems Design Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
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agent (i.e. a monopoly) with its performance when more than one PGs are employed; also how performance changes when the number of PGs increases. The adaptivity of the system will be evaluated by comparing SIGMA with a non-adaptive version of the system that does not include the PG and PS agents. The
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agent (i.e. a monopoly) with its performance when more than one PGs are employed; also how performance changes when the number of PGs increases. The adaptivity of the system will be evaluated by comparing SIGMA with a non-adaptive version of the system that does not include the PG and PS agents. The
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Maltz, D.A. 1994. Distributing information for collaborative filtering on Usenet net news. SM Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Menczer, F.; Belew, R.K.; and Willuhn, W. 1995. Artificial life applied to adaptive information agents. In Proceedings AAAI Spring Symposium on
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Maltz, D.A. 1994. Distributing information for collaborative filtering on Usenet net news. SM Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Menczer, F.; Belew, R.K.; and Willuhn, W. 1995. Artificial life applied to adaptive information agents. In Proceedings AAAI Spring Symposium on
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Document Publishing Has Never Been Easier, More Productive, or More Integrated. You have to publish and electronically distribute an important document. You're already anticipating the volumes of text, complicated layouts and diagrams, and those inevitable last minute changes. And because everyone
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Sun Microsystems Computer Company A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 USA 415 960-1300 FAX 415 969-9131 Sales Offices Australia: (02) 844-5000 Belgium: +32 2 716 79 11 Brazil: 55-11-887-9011 Canada: 905 477-6745 C.I.S.: 7-502-256-5470 Finland: +358-0-525561
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Sun Microsystems Advisory: 04 April 1995 While Sun Microsystems, Inc., has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of information in this document, we cannot warrant its correctness, nor can we be held responsible for any damages resulting from its use or misuse. If you have any suggestions, please
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Frame: Meeting the ISO 9000 Documentation Challenge The number of companies seeking ISO 9000 registration is increasing exponentially. Beyond the obvious reason of customer requirements, companies are finding that the process of obtaining and maintaining registration generally results in better overall
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1996 International Topical Meeting on Optical Computing, Sendai, Japan, April 21-26. 1 Nonlinear joint transform correlator with a multiple quantum well photorefractive device S. A. Boothroyd, A. David, S. Chang, P. Palacharla, J. Chrostowski National Research Council Institute for Information
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Comparative Performance of Rule Quality Measures .. To appear in The Applied Intelligence Journal 18 January 1996 35 List of Tables: Table 1: An example of output Table 2: Example of Contingency Table Table 3: Example of Initial Output Table 4: Final Evaluation Results Comparative Performance of Rule
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A Fast Algorithm for Making Mesh-Models from Multiple-View Range Data Gerhard Roth and Eko Wibowo Visual Information Technology Group Institute for Information Technology Building M 50, Montreal Road National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6
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A Fast Algorithm for Making Mesh-Models from Multiple-View Range Data Gerhard Roth and Eko Wibowo Visual Information Technology Group Institute for Information Technology Building M 50, Montreal Road National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6
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Laser Range Vision for Tele-Excavation Michael Greenspan National Research Council of Canada Michael Lipsett Atomic Energy Canada Limited John Ballantyne Spar Aerospace Limited Pam Renton, Eric Gagnon and Nestor Burtnyk National Research Council of Canada
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Laser Range Vision for Tele-Excavation Michael Greenspan National Research Council of Canada Michael Lipsett Atomic Energy Canada Limited John Ballantyne Spar Aerospace Limited Pam Renton, Eric Gagnon and Nestor Burtnyk National Research Council of Canada
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List of Figures v 1. Possibility distribution of young 12 2. Possibility distribution of somewhat young 13 3. Primary terms of a linguistic variable 14 4. Matching of fuzzy facts 18 5. Fact and antecedent fuzzy sets 19 6. N(Fa|Fa ) 20 7. S=(N(Fa|Fa )+0.5)*P(Fa|F a ) 20 8. Compositional rule of inference
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The Identification of Context-Sensitive Features: A Formal Definition of Context for Concept Learning Peter Turney Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 peter@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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The Management of Context-Sensitive Features: A Review of Strategies Peter Turney Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 peter@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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The Management of Context-Sensitive Features: A Review of Strategies Peter Turney Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 peter@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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CSE 506, University of California, San Diego, 1995; to appear in Adaptive Behavior, 4, January 1996. Cziko, G. (1995). Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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CSE 506, University of California, San Diego, 1995; to appear in Adaptive Behavior, 4, January 1996. Cziko, G. (1995). Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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The Identification of Context-Sensitive Features: A Formal Definition of Context for Concept Learning Peter Turney Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6 peter@ai.iit.nrc.ca
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Index 88 more-or-less 40, 42 N necessity 17, 19 norm 40, 45 not 40, 41 P PI function 35 plot-fuzzy-value 73 plus 40 possibility 17 Possibility distribution 11 precedence 49 predefined modifiers 39, 46 primary terms 12, 31 S S function 35 set-alpha-value 65 set-CF-evaluation 63
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Real-time Processing and Validation of Optical Ranging in a Cluttered Environment## Fran ois Blais*, Mario Lecavalier*, Joel Bisson** * National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Information Technology, M-50 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A-0R6. ** Vitana Corporation, 26-5470 Canotek
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Blais & al. APPLICATION OF THE BIRIS RANGE SENSOR FOR VOLUME EVALUATION F. Blais, M. Lecavalier, J.-A. Beraldin National Research Council Canada Institute for Information Technology Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A-0R6
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Copyright 1994 by National Research Council Canada. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics 1 and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. NRC 37109 REAL-TIME TRACKING OF OBJECTS FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS USING A LASER RANGE SCANNER 1 F. Blais, R.A. Couvillon, M. Rioux Institute for Information
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Data Preprocessing and Intelligent Data Analysis Submitted to Intelligent Data Analysis Journal 2 October 1996 28 R. Weber, Fuzzy-ID3: A Class of Models for Automatic Knowledge Acquisition, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks, Tisuka, Japan (1992),
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Cost-sensitive feature reduction applied to a hybrid genetic algorithm Nada Lavra<=c1, Dragan Gamberger2, Peter Turney3 1 Jo<=zef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2 Rudjer Bo<=skovi c Institute, Bijeni<=cka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 3 Institute for Information Technology, National
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A System for the Seamless Integration of Personal Messages using Agents Developed on a Lotus Notes Platform. Ramiro Liscano Roger Impey Paul Gordon Suhayya Abu-Hakima
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Obstacle Count Independent Real-Time Collision AvoidanceMichael Greenspan and Nestor BurtnykNational Research Council of CanadaOttawa, OntarioAbstractRobotic manipulator real-time collision avoidance is asafety critical mode of teleoperation where motion com- mands which would result in a collision are
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ISPRS Congress, Vienna, 1996, Intl. Archives of Photogrammetry, Commission V, pp 140-146. TWO 3-D SENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENT MODELING AND VIRTUAL REALITY: CALIBRATION AND MULTI-VIEW REGISTRATION S.F. El-Hakim, J.-A.Beraldin, G. Godin, and P. Boulanger Institute for Information Technology, National Research
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Configuration design for sensor integration S. F. El-Hakim and J.-A. Beraldin Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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A Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of Passive and Active 3-D Vision Systems Proc.: St. Petersburg Conference on Digital Photogrammetry, St. Petersburg, Russia, SPIE Vol. , pp. , June 25-30, 1995. NRC 39160. S. F. El-Hakim, J.-A. Beraldin and F. Blais Institute for Information Technology
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ISPRS Congress, Vienna, 1996, Intl. Archives of Photogrammetry, Commission V, pp 140-146. TWO 3-D SENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENT MODELING AND VIRTUAL REALITY: CALIBRATION AND MULTI-VIEW REGISTRATION S.F. El-Hakim, J.-A.Beraldin, G. Godin, and P. Boulanger Institute for Information Technology, National Research
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Configuration design for sensor integration S. F. El-Hakim and J.-A. Beraldin Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Beraldin et al. 1 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THREE ACTIVE VISION SYSTEMS BUILT AT THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques III Vienna, Oct. 2-4, 1995, pp.352-361 NRC 39165 J.-A. Beraldin, S. F. El-Hakim, and F. Blais Institute for Information Technology National Research
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Integrating Multi-Modal Messages across Heterogeneous Networks. Ramiro Liscano, Roger Impey, Qinxin Yu* and Suhayya Abu-Hakima Institute for Information Technology, National Research Council Canada, Montreal Road, Building M-50, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6. Ramiro Liscano: liscanco@iit.nrc.ca, (613)
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IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Ottawa, Canada, May 19-21, 1997 3-D Data Acquisition for Indoor Environment Modeling Using a Compact Active Range Sensor* S. Elgazzar, R. Liscano, F. Blais and A. Miles Institute for Information Technology National Research Council of Canada
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NRC Number 40179. A PROXIMITY COMPATIBILITY FUNCTION AMONG 3-D SURFACES FOR ENVIRONMENT MODELLING RAMIRO LISCANO SHADIA ELGAZZAR ANDREW. K. C. WONG
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article pour l expertise informatique 12 Biographie A. (Fazel) Famili est un agent de recherche senior l Institut de technologie de l information (ITI) du Conseil national de recherches de Canada (CNRC). Ses recherches actuelles portent sur l apprentissage automatique, l acquisition automatique des donn
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12 teristics and domain knowledge, and (iii) expansion of our work to include string and logical expressions. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Riad Hartani and Sylvain L tourneau for providing useful comments on an earlier version of this paper. The preliminary design of our
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Forward Selection Backward Selection Combined InstanceBased MDLM All BreadthFirst Branch & Bound Best First Beam Search Exhaustive Non-Exhaustive Ichi-Skla84a Icho-Skla84b Focus MIFES_1 AMB&B Bobr88 BFF BS Schl93 SBS SBS-SLASH RC PQSS Moor94 Relief Relief-F BDS LVF LVW RGSS RMHC-PF1 SA GA Complete
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Feature Selection for Classification M. Dash and H. Liu Department of Information Systems & Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, fmanoranj,liuhg@iscs.nus.sg Keywords: Feature Selection, Classification, Framework.
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IDS: Improving Aircraft Fleet Maintenance Rob Wylie, Robert Orchard, Michael Halasz, Fran ois Dub Integrated Reasoning Group National Research Council of Canada Institute for Information Technology M50 Montreal Road Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 @ai.iit.nrc.ca
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1 Fran ois Dub National Research Council Canada Integrated Diagnostic System Mining Industry Learning Seminar June 16, 1997 Objective Show the importance of: data integration and application of AI for maintenance management of complex equipment fleets. 2 Maintenance Cycle Observation Malfunction
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UNDEFINED REGION
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Acronyms TED - Tool for Enterprise Definition MANA - Multi-Agent Network Architecture TSS - Technical Support Service Representative CTI - Computer Telephony Integration API - Application Program Interface PABX - Private Branch Exchange pc - IBM or compatible personal computer SG - Speech Generator SR -
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)),
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Not to be Quoted without Author Permission 11 A Perspective on Explanation in Diagnosis Author's work on knowledge-based systems: I have been a researcher in the area of explanation in knowledge-based systems since 1985. I have published my Master's thesis on RATIONALE - a tool for developing
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T. Gray, E. Peres, D. Pinard, S. Abu-Hakima, A. Diaz, and I. Ferguson. A MultiAgent Architecture for Enterprise Applications. In Working Notes AAAI-94 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in Business Process Re-engineering, Seattle WA, July 1994, pp. 65-72. NRC 37140.
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1 The Use of Context in Diagnostic Systems Suhayya Abu-Hakima Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology Building M-50, Montreal Road National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6 email: suhayya@ai.iit.nrc.ca tel: (613) 993-8551 fax: (613) 952-7151 Summary The use of
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1 Visualizing and Understanding Diagnoses 1, 2 Suhayya Abu-Hakima Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Ottawa, Canada email: suhayya@ai.iit.nrc.ca tel: (613) 991-1231 Summary Diagnosis of physical systems such as car or aircraft engines is a complex
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ries off the physical visualization. This could be offered in varying degrees of depth such as contextual help is generally offered. In conclusion, it is essential that diagnostic systems make better use of existing visual aids such as multi-dimensional models and diagnostic network browsers to better
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8 References Abu-Hakima, S. , RATIONALE: A Tool for Developing Knowledge-Based Systems that Explain by Reasoning Explicitly. Masters thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. May 1988. Abu-Hakima, S., and Oppacher, F. ,Improving explanations in knowledge-based systems: RATIONALE.
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Boose, J.H. , Knowledge acquisition tools, methods and mediating representations , Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems, Edited by H. Motoda, R. Mizoguchi, J. Boose and B. Gaines. Published by IOS Press, the Netherlands. pp. 25-62, (1991). Carnes, J.R. and Fisher, D. , Inductive
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Automating Knowledge Acquisition in Diagnosis Hamscher, W. and Struss, P., Model-Based Diagnosis , AAAI-90 Tutorial Notes, Received at the eighth national conference of artificial intelligence, Boston, Massachusetts. July 29, 1990. pp. 1-179, (1990).
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Meisner, J., Bursch, P. and Funk, H., , Evolution of a maintenance diagnostic system , Proceedings of the IEEE 1990 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference: NAECON 1990, Dayton, Ohio, vol. 2, pp. 520-525, (21-25 May 1990). Nayak, P.P., and Struss, P., Modeling Physical Systems: the
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ground, to total fault knowledge used by DR for modelling the full coffee maker device is 28%. Final Conclusion This paper addresses the difficult problem of automated model acquisition for diagnosis and illustrates a new approach for the validation of fault knowledge. The DR algorithm automates
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IMPUT: An Interactive Learning Tool based on Program Specialization Zolt an Alexin a, Tibor Gyim othy b and Henrik Bostr om c a Department of Applied Informatics, J ozsef Attila University Arp ad t er 2, H-6720 Szeged Hungary Phone: (36) +(62) 454293, Fax: (36) +(62) 312292 e-mail:
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VoiceGrip 2.0: a Utilities Package for Programming by Voice Alain D silets Institute for Information Technology National Research Council of Canada August 1997 NRC 40220 2 Table of Content EXECUTIVE
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Initial Test Database Prolog Program Test Database with some Evaluation Program Prolog Program with some Evaluation Test Database Prolog Module IMPUT IDTS Module module Debugging ECG Processing ECG ECG Classifier Primitive Pattern Selection Set of Primitive Patterns Primitive Pattern Extraction Cardiac
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Data Preprocessing and Intelligent Data Analysis Submitted to Intelligent Data Analysis Journal 24 March 1997 28 R. Weber, Fuzzy-ID3: A Class of Models for Automatic Knowledge Acquisition, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks, Tisuka, Japan (1992),
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Use of Decision-Tree Induction ... 45 Paper submitted to AIEDAM List of Tables 1. Examples of some facts that are included in the domain model 2. Examples of rules that are included in the domain model 3. Examples of rules generated for centr-kk-postform high 4. (a, b, and c) Examples of rule reduction
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An Architectural Approach to Building Systems from COTS Software Components Dr. Mark R. Vigder John Dean National Research Council {mark.vigder | john.dean}@nrc.ca
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Extraction of Keyphrases from Text: Evaluation of Four Algorithms P. Turney October 23, 1997 National Research Council Canada Institute for Information Technology Conseil national de recherches Canada Institut de technologie de l information ERB-1051 Copyright 1997 by National Research Council of Canada
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Page 54 be shorter for subsequent products 6. Where are downtime and repair costs highest Review and analysis of when to develop an expert system are critical, especially if it is the first application. Starting with an application where the consequences of failures are significant, costs are high, and
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Index 88 more-or-less 40, 42 N necessity 17, 19 norm 40, 45 not 40, 41 P PI function 35 plot-fuzzy-value 73 plus 40 possibility 17 Possibility distribution 11 precedence 49 predefined modifiers 39, 46 primary terms 12, 31 S S function 35 set-alpha-value 65 set-CF-evaluation 63
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1 The Role of Data Pre-processing in Intelligent Data Analysis A. Famili Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 famili@ai.iit.nrc.ca Key Words: Data Analysis, Data Pre-processing, Induction, Machine Learning
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Use of Decision-Tree Induction ... 1 Paper submitted to AIEDAM Use of Decision-Tree Induction for Process Optimization and Knowledge Refinement of an Industrial Process A. Famili Knowledge Systems Laboratory Institute for Information Technology National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Beller M., Chang L.-F., and Yacobi Y. Security for Personal Communication Services: Public-Key vs. Private Key Approaches, Proceedings of the second international symposium on personal, indoor, and mobile radio communications, PIMRC 92, 19-21 October, 1992, Boston, MA, USA, pp.26-31.
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Extraction of Keyphrases from Text: Evaluation of Four Algorithms P. Turney October 23, 1997 National Research Council Canada Institute for Information Technology Conseil national de recherches Canada Institut de technologie de l information ERB-1051 Copyright 1997 by National Research Council of Canada
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1 A Multi-Agent Systems Approach for Fraud Detection in Personal Communication Systems Suhayya Abu-Hakima Mansour Toloo Tony White1 Seamless Personal Information Networking Group Institute for Information Technology National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6 abu-hakima@iit.nrc.ca or
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Abstract1 The fraudulent use of telecommunications networks is costing the industry billions of dollars in lost revenue each year. The opportunities for fraudulent activity are particularly great in mobile communications as a result of the transport medium and the desire of network operators to attract
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1 FAST ESTIMATION OF THE MODAL POSITION FOR UNIMODALLY DISTRIBUTED DATA by Milan Milatovi} and Adedeji B. Badiru School of Industrial Engineering University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
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Manuscript, Journal of Intelligent Data Analysis, Revised 03/11/97 1 Predicting Phase Transitions of Binary Constraint Satisfaction Problems with Constraint Graph Information Alvin C. M. Kwan Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong Email address:
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D2 D1 l1 l2 Figure 1. Interpolation of the Modal Value Using the Difference Method . Histogram for Lognormal, Mean=10, St. Dev. = 1 Class layout Frequency 7.4 8.4 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4 5 10 15 20 25 30 Figure 2. Histogram of a Lognormal Distribution (mm=10, ss=1) with 10 Classes. Histogram for
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sci+ techi nsurers p roviders drughand icapped mentally .retard general transport physical.sci app lied.sci automob iles vehicles aircraft physics medicine medical.other medical.policy medical.sci healthcare medical.politics medical.legal health b irth diseases medical.govt insurers p roviders drug
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Knowledge Discovery Via Multiple Models Pedro Domingos Sec. Sistemas, Dept. Eng. Mec^anica Instituto Superior T ecnico Av. Rovisco Pais Lisbon 1096, Portugal E-mail: pedrod@gia.ist.utl.pt
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Preprocessing by a cost-sensitive literal reduction algorithm: REDUCE 1 Nada Lavra<=c J. Stefan Institute Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Dragan Gamberger Rudjer Bo<=skovi c Institute Bijeni<=cka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Peter Turney Institute for Information Technology National Research Council
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TOWARD A HAND-HELD LASER RANGE SCANNER: INTEGRATING OBSERVATION-BASED MOTION COMPENSATION P. H ebert and M. Rioux Visual Information Technology Group National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6
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An Examination of Software Engineering Work Practices1 Janice Singera, Timothy Lethbridgeb, Norman Vinsona, Nicolas Anquetilb 1 This work is supported by NSERC and the company serving as the site of the study.. This work was sponsored by the Consortium for Software Engineering Research (CSER). The IBM