 | Guidelines for Estimating Food and Nutritional Needs in Emergencies (UNHCR, 1997, 10 p.) |
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ANNEX IV
Vitamin and Mineral Requirements - Safe Levels of Intake (summary)1,2
|
Age/Sex Group (years) |
Vitamin A (µg retinol equivalents RE*) |
Vitamin D (µg calciferol) |
Thiamine (mg)** |
Riboflavin (mg)* |
Niacin equivalents (mg)** |
Folic acid (µg) |
Vitamin B12 (µg) |
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, mg) |
Iron (mg):3 Bioavailability Low (5-9%) |
Iodine (µg) |
|
0 |
350 |
10.0 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
4.2 |
24 |
0.1 |
20 |
13 |
50-904 |
|
1 |
400 |
10.0 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
6.4 |
50 |
0.45 |
20 |
8 |
90 |
|
2 |
400 |
10.0 |
0.55 |
0.9 |
7.5 |
50 |
0.53 |
20 |
8 |
90 |
|
3 |
400 |
10.0 |
0.60 |
1.0 |
8.2 |
50 |
0.61 |
20 |
9 |
90 |
|
4 |
400 |
10.0 |
0.65 |
1.1 |
8.9 |
50 |
0.69 |
20 |
9 |
90 |
|
0-4 |
390 |
10.0 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
7.1 |
45 |
0.50 |
20 |
9 |
90 |
|
5-9 |
400 |
2.5 |
0.75 |
1.2 |
10.3 |
80 |
0.82 |
20 |
16 |
110 |
|
10-14 M |
550 |
2.5 |
0.95 |
1.6 |
13.1 |
150 |
1.0 |
25 |
24 |
140 |
|
10-14 F |
550 |
2.5 |
0.8 |
1.35 |
11.3 |
130 |
1.0 |
25 |
27 |
140 |
|
10-14 M & F |
550 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
1.5 |
12.2 |
140 |
1.0 |
25 |
26 |
140 |
|
15-19 M |
600 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
1.8 |
15.3 |
200 |
1.0 |
30 |
15 |
150 |
|
15-19 F |
500 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
11.9 |
170 |
1.0 |
30 |
32 |
150 |
|
15-19 M & F |
550 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
1.6 |
13.6 |
185 |
1.0 |
30 |
24 |
150 |
|
20-59 M |
600 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
1.7 |
14.5 |
200 |
1.0 |
30 |
15 |
150 |
|
20-59 F |
500 |
2.5 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
11.5 |
170 |
1.0 |
30 |
32 |
150 |
|
20-59 M & F |
570 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
1.55 |
12.9 |
185 |
1.0 |
30 |
23 |
150 |
|
Pregnant |
+100 |
+7.5 |
+0.1 |
+0.1 |
+1.1 |
+250 |
+0.4 |
+20 |
+60-120 |
+50 |
|
Lactating |
+350 |
+7.5 |
+0.2 |
+0.3 |
+2.7 |
+100 |
+0.3 |
+20 |
17 |
+50 |
|
60+M |
600 |
3.2 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
11.9 |
200 |
1.0 |
30 |
15 |
150 |
|
60+F |
500 |
3.2 |
0.75 |
1.2 |
10.3 |
170 |
1.0 |
30 |
15 |
150 |
|
60+ M & F |
540 |
3.2 |
0.8 |
1.3 |
10.9 |
185 |
1.0 |
30 |
15 |
150 |
|
Whole Population |
500 |
3.2 - 3.8*** |
0.9 |
1.4 |
12.0 |
160 |
0.9 |
28 |
22 |
150 |
1 Adapted from WHO “The Management of Nutrition in major Emergencies”2 This Table is applicable to both developing and industrialized countries.
3 Basis of calculation or iron requirements: - 7.5% (diets as in developing countries)
In countries (e.g. South Asia) where iron absorption is known to be “very low” (<5%), requirements are about twice as high, but cannot be met by increasing the diet. In such circumstances iron supplements, at least weekly, will be required for the most vulnerable groups especially pregnant women, pre-school children, older girls4 The lower figure is for breast-fed infants; the higher, for artificially fed.
* Vitamin A requirements may be met by absorption of vitamin A itself (retinol) or provitamin A carotenoids, which have varying equivalence in terms of vitamin A activity. The requirement is expressed in terms of the “retinol equivalent” (RE) which is defined by the following relationships: 1 µg retinol - 1.0 µg RE; 1 µg beta-carotene - 0.167 µg RE; 1 µg other provitamin A carotenoids - 0.084 µg RE
** B-vitamin requirements are proportional to energy intake and are calculated: Thiamine: 0.4 mg per 1000 kilocalories ingested; Riboflavin: 0.6 mg per 1000 kilocalories ingested; Niacin equivalents: 6.6 mg per 1000 kilocalories.
*** The higher figure is for developing countries because of the larger proportion of children under 5 years whose requirement is greater.
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