Summary of main results

1. Basal Energy Expenditure of Young Men
The mean value obtained from 19 college students 20 to 30 years old was 0.63 kcal/m2 of body surface/minute.

2. Energy Expenditure of College Students
Table 1 shows the energy cost of different activities of college students. The mean total energy expenditures of 16 men and 6 women were 2,420 and 2,170 kcal/day, respectively.

The make-up of the dietary energy absorbed by 9 men was 12.0 per cent from proteins, 27.9 per cent from fats, and 60.1 per cent from carbohydrates. Based on their non-protein respiratory quotient and urinary nitrogen, the different sources of expended energy were 12.3 per cent from proteins, 28.8 per cent from fats, and 58.9 per cent from carbohydrates.

3. Energy Expenditures of Iron and Steel Workers and of Coal Miners
Tables 2 and 3 give the mean energy expenditure of men engaged in these physically demanding jobs. The figures include the pauses and resting periods during the eight-hour shift. The average cost (kcal/min/m2) of the specific activities performed by the men varied widely. For example, among iron and steel workers, energy costs ranged from 1.67 while putting core into moulds and 1.71 when walking in the furnace area, to 4.93 during heavy hand-rolling. Among coal miners, the energy costs ranged from 1.60 while packing holes with explosives and 1.75 while drilling rocks, to 4.43 when climbing in the wind tunnels, and 5.09 carrying trestles in such tunnels.

4. Dietary Intakes of Workers
Table 4 gives the mean energy and protein intakes of labourers engaged in different jobs in several provinces of China.

5. Energy Expenditures of Peasants
Tables 5 and 6 give the energy costs of work-related activities for male and female peasants. Total energy expenditure varies cyclically, being greater during the summer harvest and spring digging. Table 7 gives time allocations in the various seasons, and table 8 gives some of the corresponding total daily energy expenditures of men and women engaged in different agricultural chores.

TABLE 1. Energy Cost of Different Activities of College Students

Sedentary	Activity	Energy expenditure
		(kcal/m /mm)
	Lying at ease	0.65 (0.58 - 0.74)*
	Sleeping	0.73 (0.69 - 0.82)
	Snooze; resting between classes;
	reading Iying down	0.79 (0.65 - 0.89)
	Sitting (watching movie; watching demonstration;
	writing; reading; studying; attending meeting)	0.82 (0.71 - 1.08)
	Taking examinations	0.92 (0.73 - 1.02)
	Writing on blackboard; standing and listening	0.98 (0.88 - 1.09)
	Working in laboratory	1.00 (0.71 - 1.19)
	Cleaning window	1.98 ( - )
	Dressing or undressing	2.20 (2.06 - 2.23)
	Making bed	2.26 (2.20 - 2.32)
	Washing clothes	2.36 (2.17 - 2.56)
Moderate	Standing and conducting singing	2.64 (2.37 - 2.92)
	Ordinary morning drill	2.65 (2.22 - 3.80)
	Walking	2.70 (2.33 - 3.30)
	Cleaning floor	2.72 (2.62 - 2.81)
	Broadcast drill	2.77 (2.56 - 2.98)
	Scrubbing floor	2.82 ( - )
	Dancing	4.03 (3.31-4.80)
	Playing baseball	4.03 (3.91 - .1 5)
Vigorous	Playing volleyball	4.07 (3.82 - 4.32)
	Running	5.30 (3.85 - 6.75)
	Playing basketball	5.78 (5.00 - 7.92)
	Playing football	5.96 (5.33 - 6.60)

* Mean, with range between parentheses.

TABLE 2. Energy Expenditure of Iron and Steel Workers in an Eight-Hour Shift

Type of work	Working time (%)*	Energy cost of work		Total energy expenditure (kcal/man/8 hrs)
		(kcal/m²/min)	(kcal/min)
Furnaceman	55	1.86	2.92	1402
Ore-carrying worker	72	3.06	5.28	2534
Ore-sieving worker	60	2.71	4.97	2386
Blast furnaceman	72	2.97	4.82	2314
Sintering (non-mechanized)	80	2.69	4.42	2122
Open-hearth furnace	42	1.77	2.84	1363
Electric open-hearth	40	1.78	2.86	1373
Coke-oven man (mechanized)	70	1.95	2.95	1416
Coke-oven man (semi-mechanized)	60	1.60	2.41	1157
Rolling worker	55	1.66	2.71	1301
Rolling worker	46	1.52	2.36	1138
Tube-casting foundry work
Moulder	75	1.60	2.58	1238
Core layer	46	1.40	2.25	1080
Fettling work	59	1.92	2.89	1387
Fettling work	63	1.88	3.21	1541
Chassis-making	74	2.12	3.40	1637
Core removal	82	1.93	3.10	1488

* The remaining time was spent in pauses and rest periods.

TABLE 3. Energy Expenditure during Coal Mining in an Eight-Hour Shift

Type of work	Working time (%)	Energy cost of work		Total energy expenditure (kcal/man/8 furs)
		(kcal/m²/min)	(kcal/min)
Coal miner	56	2.21	3.45	1655
Coal-timbering worker	56	2.28	3.55	1702
Coal-drilling worker	64	1.93	3.01	1444
Blasting worker	82	2.35	3.66	1756
Tunnelling worker	58	1.81	2.92	1403
Rock-transferring worker	48	1.95	3.63	1513
Timbering worker	63	2.09	3.35	1607

* The remaining time was spent in pauses and rests.

TABLE 4. Dietary Energy and Protein Intakes of Workers

Type of work	Location	Energy (kcal)	Protein (g)
Iron and steel work	Wuhan	4028	125
Iron end steer work	Hunan	3368	110
Iron and steel work	Anshan	3921	132
Electric power industry	Chonguing	3112	105
Coal mining	Anhui	3713	96
Iron factory	Hangzhou	3347	80
Machine factory	Guangxi	3168	86
Silk plant	Hangzhou	2885	89
Building worker	Beijing	3614	108
Mining	Guangdong	3950	86

TABLE 5. Energy Cost of Activities Performed by Male Peasants during Work

Activity	kcal/m2 /min
Resting	1.02
Loading corn onto carts	1.30
Pulling radishes by hand	1.54
Winnowing beans	1.54
Picking corn	1.57
Mowing beans	1.82
Binding corn stalks	1.89
Picking potatoes with hoe	1.97
Weeding with hoe	2.03
Walking	2.13 ± 0.39
Transplanting rice seedlings	2.28 ± 0.31
Spreading manure	2.30
Picking corn roots with hoe	2.51
Raking the soil	2.71
Weeding seedling fields	2.72 ± 0.33
Mowing wheat	2.79 ± 0.20
Picking radishes with hoe	2.93
Light ploughing	2.94 ± 0.18
Carrying water in pails	3.19 ± 0.14
Weeding rice fields (shallow)	3 33 ± 0 54
Carrying manure in holder on shoulder	3 50
Shovelling earth	3.51 ± 0.08
Planting fields	3.91 ± 0.35
Weeding rice fields (deep)	4.12 ± 0.42

TABLE 6. Energy Cost of Activities Performed by Female Peasant during Work

Activity	kcal/m2 /min
Resting	0.88 ± 0.28
Spreading fertilizer (standing)	1.62 ± 0.22
Mowing wheat	1.79 ± 0.06
Weeding rice field	1.91 ± 0.16
Walking	2.00 ± 0.29
Spreading manure	2.95 ± 0.14
Spreading fertilizer (stooping)	3.04 ± 0.21
Thinning young shoots	3.16 ± 0.33
Pulling up wheat	3.30 ± 0.21
Shovelling earth	3.44 ± 0.14
Planting fields	3.86 ± 0.63

TABLE 7. Distribution of Daily Time in Hours

	Spring and autumn		Summer		Winter		Summer harvest		Deep digging
Type of work	Part- time labour	Full- time labour	Full- time labour	Part- time labour	Part- time labour	Full- time labour	Part- time labour	Full- time labour	Part- time labour	Full- time labour
Productive labour	7.5	8.25	6.0	7.0	6.0	7.0	9.0	11.5	8.2	10.75
Sleeping	8.5	8.5	9.0	9.0	10.0	10.0	8.5	6.5	9.0	7.5
Taking meal	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Sewing	0.5	0.0	1.0	0.0	1.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cleaning street	0.25	0.0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.0	0.25	0.0
Rest	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.5	0.5	1.0	1.0	1.5	1.5
Reading and attending meeting	1.5	1.5	1.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Toilet	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dressing and undressing	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chatting	0.5	0.5	1.0	1.5	0.75	1.0	0.25	0.25	0.5	0.0
Washing clothes	0.5	0.0	1.0	0.0	0.25	0.0	0.25	0.0	0.25	0.0
Carrying water	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Walking	1.0	1.5	1.0	1.5	0.5	1.0	1.5	1.5	1.0	1.0

TABLE 8. Average Daily Energy Expenditure (kcal) of Male and Female Peasants in Spring, Fall, and Summer

Type of work	Average daily energy expenditure in spring and fall			Average daily energy expenditure in summer
	Male	Female		Male	Female
	Full-time labour	Full-time labour	Part-time labour	Full-time labour	Full-time labour	Part-time labour
Light ploughing	3,898	-	-	3,691	-	-
Spreading	-	3,408	3,310	-	3,310	3,055
Thinning young shoots	-	3,647	3,445	-	3,365	3,102
Spreading fertilizer (stooping)	-	3,563	3,369	-	3,437	3,163
Planting field	4,681	4,189	3,938	4,356	3,897	3,558
Shovelling earth	4,343	3,886	3,663	4,069	3,640	3,337
Mowing	-	-	-	4,538	3,003	2,740
Pulling up wheat	-	-	-	-	4,568	4,008
Deep digging	4,954	4,435	3,812	-	-	-